Conditionals involve conclusions that depend on whether or not the premise(s) occur. Like counter-arguments, there are direct and indirect ways of reasoning. According to Epstein, the direct way states that if event A happens then event B will happen; event A happened, so event B will happen. For example, if Billy calls, he will meet Tim at the mall; Billy called, so he and Tim met up at the mall.
The indirect ways of reasoning with conditionals are quite opposite of the direct ways. Similar to the the direct way, if event A happens then event B will happen. However, here is where they differ. If event B does not occur, then event A did not occur prior to that. Using the same example as before let's say Billy and Tim did not meet at the mall. Therefore, Billy must not have called.
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